مشروع الطالب الالكتروني ______ Electronic Student Project: ديسمبر 2015

الأحد، 6 ديسمبر 2015

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WRITE THE EVIDENCES THAT WEGENER AND HIS SUPPORTERS COLLECTED FOR HIS CONTINENTAL DRIFT HYPOTHESIS

Wegener’s Evidence ( أدلة فجنر على حدوث الانجراف القاري )

Wegener’s Evidence

Here is the main evidence that Wegener and his supporters collected for his continental drift hypothesis:

Fit of the Continents

The continents appear to fit together, and not just South America and Africa. If the continental margins are included, the fit is even better.

This figure shows the evolution of the continents, from the super-continent Pangaea to the way they look now.

Distribution of Fossils

Wegener found fossil evidence that the continents were once joined (Figurebelow). The same type of plant and animal fossils are found on continents that are now widely separated. These organisms would not have been able to travel across the oceans. So how did the fossils get so far apart?

Fossils of the seed fern Glossopteris are found across all of the southern continents. These seeds are too heavy to be carried across the ocean by wind. Mesosaurus fossils are found in South America and South Africa. Mesosaurus could swim, but only in fresh water. Cynognathus and Lystrosaurus were reptiles that lived on land. Both of these animals were unable to swim at all. Their fossils have been found across South America, Africa, India, and Antarctica.

Wegener thought that all of these organisms must have lived side by side. The lands later moved apart so that the fossils are separated.

Wegener used fossil evidence to support his continental drift hypothesis. The fossils of these organisms are found on lands that are now far apart. Wegener suggested that when the organisms were alive, the lands were joined and the organisms were living side-by-side.

Distribution of Rocks and Structures

Wegener found rocks of the same type and age on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. He thought that it could not be a coincidence! He said that the rocks must have formed side by side. These rocks then drifted apart on separate continents.

Wegener also matched up mountain ranges across the Atlantic Ocean. The Appalachian Mountains were just like mountain ranges in eastern Greenland, Ireland, Great Britain, and Norway. Wegener concluded that they formed as a single mountain range. This mountain range broke apart as the continents split up. The mountain range separated as the continents drifted.

Climate Zones

Climate is found in zones around the planet. Warm tropical climates are mostly found near the Equator. Glaciers are mostly found nearer the poles. Wegener assumed that these things were true in the ancient past.

Glaciers

Wegener looked at evidence from ancient glaciers. Glaciers are found in very cold climates near the poles. The evidence left by some ancient glaciers is very close to the Equator. Did glaciers once exist near the poles? Wegener knew that this was extremely unlikely! However, if the continents had moved, the glaciers would have been centered close to the South Pole.

Tropics

Coral reefs are found only in warm water. Coal swamps are also found in tropical and subtropical environments. Wegener discovered ancient coal seams and coral reef fossils in areas that are much too cold today. Wegener thought that ancient coral and coal plants existed at about the same latitude where they are found today. He again stated that it was the continents that moved.

An animation showing that Earth’s climate belts remain in roughly the same position while the continents move is seen here: http://www.scotese.com/paleocli.htm.

An animation showing how the continents split up can be found here:http://www.exploratorium.edu/origins/antarctica/ideas/gondwana2.html.

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The Mechanism of Hearing
The human ear is divided into three parts.

1. the outer ear

2. the middle ear

3. the inner ear

Air-conducted sound waves must move through these three parts in order for sound to be heard. The outer ear serves to channel the sound waves into the middle ear which is composed of three bones. These three bones mechanically transmit these waves to the oval window, which is part of the inner ear. The oval window vibrates inwardly, creating pressure waves in an incompressible fluid which fills the inner ear. This fluid pressure excites the membranes in the cochlea, a section of the inner ear shaped like a snail shell which contains the basilar membrane. The basilar membrane has tiny hair cells which transform the mechanical motion of the pressure waves into nerve impulses. These impulses are then transmitted to the brain where they are decoded and interpreted as sound.

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